7. Resources and links
Brendan will provide copy of report on connectivity.
All are asked to search and provde relevant information.
Int. development centerl
See related topics and documents
Ibaud
See related topics and documents
AfricaReport.pdf
AVU
See related topics and documents
Norwegian space center
See related topics and documents
Acacia
See related topics and documents
GVF
See related topics and documents
Africadotedu
See related topics and documents
INSAP
Paren
AAU
See related topics and documents
UNEP ICT strategy
See related topics and documents
ICT strategy
Nettelafrica
See related topics and documents
Bandwidth in Africa
See related topics and documents
Resourcesandlinks_img1.gif Bandwidth Availability
Bandwidth Availability
   Average university has no more bandwidth than the quantity of a residential
   connection in US or Europe.  The average bandwidth reported for the sample is
   537/769 Kbps --  roughly equivalent to a broadband residential connection in
   North America or Europe.
   Underlining the pent up demand for bandwidth amongst most institutions, the
   average percentage of time where links are at 100% capacity is over 60%. This
   is extremely high, given that this is measured over 24 hours a day every day
   of the month.
Resourcesandlinks_img2.gif Bandwidth Requirements
Bandwidth Requirements
   Universities need at least 10 times what they currently have.  In comparing
   current bandwidth with estimated requirements for 73 Sub Saharan
   universities, calculation shows that bandwidth requirements are at least 10
   times the current usage. This represents the capacity of 5 to 10 transponders
   if a VSAT solution was to be put in place.
Resourcesandlinks_img3.gif Bandwidth Cost
Bandwidth Cost
   On average, African tertiary institutions pay US$5.46/Kbps -- roughly
   equivalent to fifty times what a typical US University would pay for the same
   quantity of bandwidth.
   The greater the volume of bandwidth being purchased the lower the marginal
   cost of that bandwidth.
   Regionally, institutions from West Africa are paying the highest amount of
   US$8/Kbps while institutions from North Africa are paying only US$0.52/Kbps.
   This is due to consortiums that have been formed and access to fibre
   networks.
   High disparities within countries.  Botswana College of Agriculture, while it
   is a part of University of Botswana, pays a much higher cost to the same
   provider, Botswana Telecommunications Corporation.  University of Botswana
   pays 17000USD for 1MB/4MB wire connection ($3.32/kbps) while Botswana College
   of Agriculture pays 4000USD for 128 Kbps wire connection ($15.63/kbps).
   VSAT costs were found  on average to be much more expensive than land-based
   connections.  Although land-based connectivity in most countries in Africa
   ultimately comes from VSAT and has a much lower quality.
Resourcesandlinks_img4.gif Bandwidth Quality
Bandwidth Quality
Note:A committed information rate is one of the most critical characteristics to consider when purchasing bandwidth. It essentially indicates the capacity of bandwidth that the Internet Service Provider will guarantee to deliver. Without a CIR, customers will be grouped with a pool of clients and there is no guarantee that they will receive anything even close to the bandwidth they think they have purchased. Shared bandwidth in Africa is usually of poor quality and often unstable. One private ISP estimates that shared bandwidth users get between 40-60% of the bandwidth clients think they are paying for.
   Most of the institutions surveyed (66%) reported either that they did not
   have a Committed Information Rate for their connectivity or that they did not
   know what a Committed Information Rate was. In this regard, donor
   initiatives/academic networks were more likely to provide CIR than other
   Internet service providers.
   Furthermore, institutions where the respondent claimed not to know if they
   had a CIR or not are, in fact, paying the most for their bandwidth, while
   those who are part of a consortium and have the highest quality of bandwidth
   get the lowest cost. This dramatically shows the power of knowledge and
   volume in bandwidth purchasing decisions.
Resourcesandlinks_img5.gif Regulatory Issues
   Only 14 of 52 countries have clearly defined competitive satellite regimes.
   Altogether 55% of universities had not been able to get proper VSAT licence
   at this point in time although many were still waiting for a reply.
   An encouraging result however is that the majority of the VSAT owning
   institutions (58%) said they had free licenses, in most cases through waivers
   for educational institutions.
   The average annual cost of a VSAT license is US$13, 553. This average annual
   cost is far higher than the EU average of US$426, showing that VSAT is still
   expensive in Africa compared to the developed world.  However, it should be
   noted that this figure is skewed toward the high side by some extreme cases
   -- with some institutions required to pay as much as US$72, 000 (Zimbabwe)
   compared to some paying as little as US$267 (Rwanda).
Resourcesandlinks_img6.gif Bandwidth Utilization
Bandwidth Utilization
   There are large differences in levels of computer access among the
   institutions. The highest number of users per computer is 929.  The average
   across the sample is 55, which is still relatively high compared USA
   institutions, which is thought to be about five.
   The lowest bandwidth per networked computer is 0.32Kbps compared to the
   highest bandwidth of about 37Kbps - roughly equivalent to a dial up modem
   connection.  The average bandwidth per networked computer is 3.36Kbps.
Resourcesandlinks_img7.gif Bandwidth Management
Bandwidth Management
   Unfortunately, the majority of the respondents (59%) reported that they did
   not practice bandwidth management, or seldom did so, thus indicating a
   critical need for skills training in this vital area.  Improving bandwidth
   management is probably the easiest way for universities to improve the
   quantity and quality of their bandwidth for educational purposes.
   Although 51% indicate that they monitor their bandwidth, only five of the
   universities could provide basic usage figures such as average bandwidth
   used, indicating that monitoring is sporadic at best.
   The results also indicated that VSATs have a higher rate of failure, with
   10.63 hours per month, than other links, with fibre having the lowest rate of
   failure of 0.15 hours per month.  It appears that, where electricity cuts are
   a problem, VSAT and wire are affected most. The implications of these
   findings is that VSAT solutions appear to be a more difficult technical
   solution for many institutions, and additional support is likely to be needed
   when implementing this solution.
Bandwidth and ICT initiatives
Bandwidth and ICT initiatives
   While 45% have a written e-learning/IT strategy an almost equal 42% do not.
   Perhaps more significantly, only 8 countries in Africa currently have
   National Educational & Research Networks, and only 22% of the institutions
   surveyed are members of these networks
Resourcesandlinks_img8.gif Untitled
Resourcesandlinks_img9.gif Recommendations
Recommendations
Formation of Bandwidth Buying Consortium:  a VSAT based university consortium to purchase bandwidth is an obvious initiative for the immediate future. The development of such a centrally managed network using satellite technology and offering services across a large area would help to address multiple issues facing tertiary institutions.
Improved Bandwidth Management: It is probably the easiest way for universities to improve the quantity and quality of their bandwidth for educational purposes.
Improved bandwidth management ensures better quality, lower cost, maximized bandwidth availability and a boost in throughput.
Centralized Network Management and Technical Capacity: Bandwidth without adequate network management is wasteful and reduces its value. In most African countries, the available technical expertise in network management is not adequate.  Satellite technologies, by their nature, route traffic through a limited number of hubs, thus creating a natural situation for centralized network management, the cost of which could be shared by all the institutions involved.
Improved Regulatory Policies Regarding Educational Bandwidth: An important role of any consortium or bandwidth initiative will be to negotiate with governments to allow the use of VSATs or eliminate license fees and monopoly pricing for educational bandwidth. A well conceived diplomatic strategy will have to be pursued in order to accomplish this. Many countries in Africa have already embraced liberalization policies although a few challenges do remain.
Comments to bandwidth consortium
Martin Belcher
One thing that I should have added to this message was a note that from these recommendations, INASP is already working with IDRC, TENET, AfricaConnect and a range of partners in preparing workshop materials and tools in the following areas:
- Executive level management information briefing and presentations on the challenges and solutions associated with BMO
- IT directors information briefing and presentations on the challenges and solutions associated with BMO at a management and overview technical level
- Institutional BMO policy development training materials and accompanying documentation
- Network traffic monitoring technical training and documentation
After those priorities have been developed and subject to available funds and demands, I also hope significant content and progress can be made in:
- Network control
- Content caching and filtering
- Network traffic shaping
At all stages in this process we will be looking for practitioners and experts in these areas to get involved (as authors, experts, reviewers, case study contributors, participants, advocates, etc.).
Progress in this can be followed from
http://www.inasp.info/training/bandwidth/and I will post updates to this list.
Cheers,
Martin
At 14:34 19/05/2005, Martin Belcher wrote:
>Dear All,
>
>INASP recently held a Bandwidth management and optimisation - Programme
>initiation, planning and collaborative design workshop in Nairobi. The
>event, a three-day participatory planning workshop, involving selected
>professionals working in the area of networked services provision and
>bandwidth management for African universities, and invited experts.
>
>It was a very useful three days that looked at the practicalities and
>capacity development needs of African universities (although these
>requirements are not just limited to Africa) in the area of bandwidth
>management and optimisation. The full report is available from:
>
>
>The key recommendations of the workshop were as follows - I'm in the
>process of follow up on these and turning them into actions with
>relevant parties. I would be particularly interested in hearing from
>this group for ideas and suggestions on how these recommendations can
>be effectively put into practise and whether they feel these
>recommendations cover the issues that they face in their institution
>and any suggestions for appropriate meetings/venues/fora for getting
>these messages across at the executive and management level.
>
>The key recommendations from the workshop were:
>
>1. The involvement of executive level institutional management is key
>to any successful bandwidth management and optimisation (BMO) actions.
>2. Executive level management should be targeted with information
>briefing and presentations on the challenges and solutions associated
>with BMO, at meetings and events that they would be attending
>regardless of the BMO content. They are unlikely to attend BMO specific events.
>3. The involvement of IT directors is also key to any successful BMO actions.
>4. IT directors should be targeted with information briefing and
>presentations on the challenges and solutions associated with BMO at a
>management and overview technical level.
>5. IT directors should be targeted for skills development training in
>the area of BMO policy development to ensure the appropriate policy
>framework is developed for any subsequent BMO actions.
>6. All institutions need to enhance their capacity in the area of
>network traffic monitoring at a technical level before appropriate BMO
>technical solutions can be implemented. A series of training workshops
>should be delivered in this area to institutional networking technical staff.
>7. Depending on the results of detailed network traffic monitoring at
>institutional level, a series of additional technical training events
>should also be developed and delivered in the areas of; Network
>control, Mail service provision, Content caching and filtering,
>Authentication, Network traffic shaping, Scheduled downloads.
>
>Thanks to all the workshop participants for a very productive and
>useful workshop.
>
>Cheers,
>
>Martin
>
>
>--
>Martin Belcher, Senior Programme Manager, INASP Vallmovägen 15, 227 38
>Lund, Sweden |www.inasp.info
>Tel: +46 (0)46 222 31 88  Fax: +44 (0)1865 251 060
>Skype: martinbelcher
>INASP is a registered UK charity No. 1106349
>========================================
>2005 offers a unique opportunity to come together and
>makepovertyhistory through trade justice, dropping the debt, more and better aid.
>They don't want your money, they do want your voice and support - join
>
>
>
>---
>Submitted by: Martin Belcher <mbelcher@inasp.info> Please reply
>directly to submitter for private communication.
>You are currently subscribed to aubc-l as: [mbelcher@inasp.info] To
>unsubscribe, forward this message to %%email.unsub%%
--
Martin Belcher, Senior Programme Manager, INASP Vallmovägen 15, 227 38 Lund, Sweden | www.inasp.info
Tel: +46 (0)46 222 31 88  Fax: +44 (0)1865 251 060
Skype: martinbelcher
INASP is a registered UK charity No. 1106349 ========================================
2005 offers a unique opportunity to come together and makepovertyhistory through trade justice, dropping the debt, more and better aid.
They don't want your money, they do want your voice and support - join us at www.makepovertyhistory.org
---
Submitted by: Martin Belcher <mbelcher@inasp.info> Please reply directly to submitter for private communication.
You are currently subscribed to aubc-l as: [Harald.Holt@grida.no] To unsubscribe, forward this message to leave-aubc-l-99817K@lyris.idrc.ca
Albert
Tusu,
I like this idea of comparing our NRENs approaches to OSI layers, may be we should suggest the 8th upper layer and call it Human network!
On the other hand, I beleive that the major challenge of initiating  human networks especially in the area of ICT is the lack of understanding that many of the stakeholders are facing. To me, I think that while developing strategies for human networks let's initiate some pratical activities so that people can be exposed and understand why it is so important to come together and share a common interest.
Regards
Albert
--- F F Tusubira <tusu@dicts.mak.ac.ug> wrote:
> Dear Colleagues,
>
> I have been keeping track of all discussions, though not saying as
> much as I am wont to.  I have however been tickled by Steve:
> His definition is
> precisely what we have been pushing for.  It ascends above the 7th OSI
> layer, the logical starting area. Unfortunately, we all too often
> focus on the bottom layer....
>
> Thanks Steve.
>
> On another note, let us not confine ourselves to government
> endorsement as a pre-condition.  It is desirable, but should not stop
> development partners working with an existing network (in the sense
> stated by Steve) of universities that are able to move ahead in
> acquiring the necessary low level hard and soft infrastructure to
> enable or support network activities.  Such a network then becomes a
> focal point for securing government endorsement.
>
> Tusu
>
> At 18:03 19/05/2005 -0400, you wrote:
> >Hi Don,
> >
> >Thanks and welcome to the discussion!
> >
> >On Wed, 2005-11-05 at 21:00 -0400, Don Riley wrote:
>><snip>
> > > Regarding John Martin's definition of an NREN,
> I would add a little
> > > to what Steve provided, based upon some
> additional interaction I had
> > > with John afterwards.   It went beyond just
> design, but included
> > > providing and managing the services provided.
> The NREN definition
> > > that John mentioned was contained in a report to
> the EU (not public),
> > > and was along the following lines:
> > > ...  a single national organisation, supported
> by  the responsible
> > > government department or agency, that provides
> the
> > > networking infrastructure and services to the
> research and education
> > > community in its geographic area.
> >
> >I've written to John to ask him to join the list so
> that he can
> >hopefully join in this thread.
> >
> >The key insight that I got from his definition was
> the importance, from
> >the point of view of legitimacy, of having national
> government sanction
> >for a single body in each African country to take
> responsibility for the
> >R&E networking agenda.  It highlighted for me how
> strategic NRENs are
> >going to be in the development of R&E networking on
> the continent.
> >
> > > The remarks that Duncan Martin made were part of
> a report on the
> > > current status of the few NRENs that do exist
> (most countries do not
> > > have one).   However, I don't believe Duncan was
> advocating that this
> > > is right.  But it needs to be recognized. 
> Current political,
> > > regulatory and legal environment with respect to
>communications
> > > infrastructure and services have limited
> development of both
> > > commercial internet and NREN type activity.
> However, developing the
> > > kind of infrastructure needed for supporting
> modern educational
> > > environments and research and other
> collaborations with colleagues in
> > > other counties (inside and outside Africa) is an
> important obective.
> > > Current status quo with respect to development
> of appropriate NREN
> > > type infrastructure and service will limit the
> potential of the
> > > institutions and their faculty and students --
> and economic
> > > development opportunties
> >
> >We all share the goal of better, faster, cheaper
> academic networks for
> >African universities. In order to achieve this, it
> seems to me that
> >human networks must drive the development of
> physical/digital networks.
> >My own, perhaps idiosyncratic, working definition
> of NRENs and regional
> >RENs in Africa is that they are simply the human
> networks who will drive
> >forward the African R&E agenda.  So, in that sense
> I am thinking (for
> >the time being) of NRENs and regional RENs as the
> human capital and
> >organisational structures  that will make this all
> happen.  What
> >specific formal responsibilities African NRENs
> ultimately take on I
> >expect to be the subject of evolving national and
> regional dialogues.
> >
> >Best regards... Steve
> >
> >
> >
> >---
> >Submitted by: Steve Song <ssong@idrc.ca> Please reply directly to
> >submitter for private
>communication.
> >You are currently subscribed to aubc-l as:
>[tusu@dicts.mak.ac.ug]
> >To unsubscribe, forward this message to
>%%email.unsub%%
>
> F F Tusubira
> Director
> Directorate for ICT Support
> Makerere University
> Tel +256 41 531437
>
> "Be the change you want to see in the world" - Mahatma Gandhi
>
>
> ---
> Submitted by: F F Tusubira <tusu@dicts.mak.ac.ug> Please reply
> directly to submitter for private communication.
> You are currently subscribed to aubc-l as:
>[albert_nsengi@yahoo.com]
> To unsubscribe, forward this message to %%email.unsub%%
>
>
__________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!?
Tired of spam?  Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around
---
Submitted by: Albert Nsengiyumva <albert_nsengi@yahoo.com>
Please reply directly to submitter for private communication.
You are currently subscribed to aubc-l as: [Harald.Holt@grida.no]
To unsubscribe, forward this message to leave- aubc-l- 99817K@lyris.idrc.ca
Steve Song
Hi Don,

Thanks and welcome to the discussion!

On Wed, 2005-11-05 at 21:00 -0400, Don Riley wrote:
<snip>
> Regarding John Martin's definition of an NREN,  I would add a little
> to what Steve provided, based upon some additional interaction I had
> with John afterwards.   It went beyond just design, but included
> providing and managing the services provided. The NREN definition
> that John mentioned was contained in a report to the EU (not public),
> and was along the following lines:
> ...  a single national organisation, supported by  the responsible
> government department or agency, that provides the networking
> infrastructure and services to the research and education community in
> its geographic area.

I've written to John to ask him to join the list so that he can hopefully join in this thread.

The key insight that I got from his definition was the importance, from the point of view of legitimacy, of having national government sanction for a single body in each African country to take responsibility for the R&E networking agenda.  It highlighted for me how strategic NRENs are going to be in the development of R&E networking on the continent. 

> The remarks that Duncan Martin made were part of a report on the
> current status of the few NRENs that do exist (most countries do not
> have one).   However, I don't believe Duncan was advocating that this
> is right.  But it needs to be recognized. Current political,
> regulatory and legal environment with respect to communications
> infrastructure and services have limited development of both
> commercial internet and NREN type activity. However, developing the
> kind of infrastructure needed for supporting modern educational
> environments and research and other collaborations with colleagues in
> other counties (inside and outside Africa) is an important obective.
> Current status quo with respect to development of appropriate NREN
> type infrastructure and service will limit the potential of the
> institutions and their faculty and students -- and economic
> development opportunties

We all share the goal of better, faster, cheaper academic networks for African universities. In order to achieve this, it seems to me that human networks must drive the development of physical/digital networks.
My own, perhaps idiosyncratic, working definition of NRENs and regional RENs in Africa is that they are simply the human networks who will drive forward the African R&E agenda.  So, in that sense I am thinking (for the time being) of NRENs and regional RENs as the human capital and organisational structures  that will make this all happen.  What specific formal responsibilities African NRENs ultimately take on I expect to be the subject of evolving national and regional dialogues.

Best regards... Steve



---
Submitted by: Steve Song <ssong@idrc.ca> Please reply directly to submitter for private communication.
You are currently subscribed to aubc-l as: [Harald.Holt@grida.no] To unsubscribe, forward this message to leave-aubc-l-99817K@lyris.idrc.ca